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NEB ENGLISH GUIDE CLASS 11: ALL NOTES [ C. ENGLISH | M. ENGLISH] NEB ENGLISH SUPPORT
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History and Culture: Qin Dynasty
1. ZHOU DYNASTY
2. QIN DYNASTY
3. HAN DYNASTY
HISTORY OF ZHOU DYNASTY
Zhou Dynasty was quite powerful with vast land.
The first king of the Zhou Dynasty was King Wu Wang.
This Dynasty ruled from 1046 BCE to 256 BCE [ 790].
It ruled along with feudalistic concepts following medieval Europe's feudalism.
The King used to rule as a head providing lands and security to the lords Charging high taxes.
Peasants were in a miserable state. They had to work hard in the lords' fields to survive.
There used to be wars most of the time. The 'Warring States' was in height during King Ping's regime [ BCE 770 - BCE 720 ] (50).
States used to fight for power, invasion of the other states.
Barbarians revolted against feudalism and attacked the western province of the Zhou Dynasty.
ORIGIN OF QIN DYNASTY
Qin Dynasty attacked Barbarians and started their regime in the Western province.
They build up a fine relationship with Zhou Dynasty as a neighbouring state. They started involving in the relationship of marriage.
During the Warring States, King Ping of the Zhou Dynasty honoured the chief of the Qin Dynasty with lands. That honour encouraged Qin a lot.
Qin Dynasty attacked non-Chinese tribes during the period of Warring States.
REASON BEHIND QIN DYNASTY'S SUCCESS
Qin Dynasty had fine support of favourable location in Shaanxi province which was surrounded by mountains and Gorges.
It was easy for them to attack other states due to their location.
The Yellow River helped them a lot for irrigation and war. They had an experienced and ruthless army.
They had a foreign advisor named Shang Yang [ Qin dynasty's Statesman 356 BCE 338 BCE ]. His unique policies helped the Qin dynasty a lot.
King Ying Zheng followed Shang Yang's policies and continued winning further.
During 230 BCE, Qin Dynasty was able to pose one-third part of China's population and the land under cultivation.
In 221 BCE, King Ying Zheng proclaimed himself the first emperor of China as 'Shi Huangdi'.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF QIN DYNASTY
King Shi Huangdi launched the policy of Legalisation all over the state. Shi Huangdi brought freedom for all eradicating feudalism and giving preferences to all the peasants.
Legalisation brought strict rules for all. Violation of rules led anyone towards harsh punishment of death.
The collectivisation programme made all people work for the welfare of the state. There was a system of reward for the people who did a fine job for the state.
Due to this concept of Collectivisation, Qin Dynasty became able to built The Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal and Highway roads.
Common men were kept away from the concept of education. King Shi ordered to burn all the books. Most of the scholars were killed brutally. People were only allowed to read books written in praise of the state and the King.
Main Achievements of Qin Dynasty
1. Superior Terracotta Army
2. A Disciplined Bureaucracy
3. An Obedient Populace
4. Unquestionable Central Government
END OF QIN EMPIRE
King Shi Huangdi was assassinated mysteriously in 210 BCE during his trip. His dead body of Shi Huangdi was covered by fish and brought to the capital city by the then Prime Minister Li Siu secretly in cart. Before King's assassination, he was quite worried about his death and trying his best to find out right solutions to remain immortal. He didn't sleep in the same room for more than two nights.
He ordered a great tomb along with the statues of 8000 Terracotta soldiers, horses and chariots. After his birth, he was buried there.
Around 208 BCE or 207 BCE, Shi Huangdi's first SON Zhao Gao died. In 206 BCE, his next son Hu Hai was declared King of the Qin dynasty. Hu Hai was considered as the weak king history of Qin. He was killed in the revolt done by the citizens.
Chu Dynasty and Han Dynasty fought with each other for the superiority to rule ahead. King Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty defeated King Xiang Yu in the battle of Gaixia of 202 BCE. King Liu Bang became the next King of China. He prioritized education in China and started his regime.
IMPORTANT EXERCISES
WAYS WITH WORDS
A. Match the words with their meanings.
Brevity 》 lasting only for a short time
Conquest 》victory over a place or people by use of military force
Resemblance 》the state of being alike
Barbarian 》a member of an uncivilized group of people of culture
Ally 》one state united to another by a treaty or a league for a military purpose
Nobility 》state of being noble in character, quality, or rank
Ruthlessness 》character of having no pity or compassion
Decimation 》 the killing or destruction of a large number of a population
Harsh 》cruel
Elixir 》liquid that is believed to cure all ills
B. Find the following words in the text and use them in sentences of your own.
invasion
Answer:
The invasion of Qin Dynasty moved in a great pace.
disregard
Answer:
He disregarded all my views related to Bahubali.
paramount
Answer:
Green forests are the paramount wealth of Nepal.
populace
Answer:
The local populace of the area always support him.
revolt
Answer:
Nepali people revolted against the local government.
assassination
Answer:
Most of the leaders of the world were victims of assassination.
serfdom
Answer:
The serfdom was mostly seen in feudalist states.
Homographs are the words with different pronunciations and different meanings but same spellings.
D. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.
1. Book
2. Tear
3. Bar
4. Band
5. Bow
6. Can
7. Compact
8. Conduct
9. Bear
10. Lead
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
a) Why is the Zhou Age called a feudal age?
Answer:
The Zhou Age is called a feudal age because it had a strong resemblance to some of the forms of feudalism in medieval Europe.
b) What is the location advantage of the Qin?
Answer:
The location advantage of the Qin is quite favourable. Its territory in modern Shaanxi province wass quite safe which was surrounded by the mountains and gorges in the East and had easy access to the North China Plain through the Yellow River passes.
c) What contributed to the success in the warfare as described in the text?
Answer:
Following are the things that contributed to the success in the warfare as described in the text:
Their favourable and safe geographical location.
Their experienced, skilled and ruthless terracotta army force.
Their expert use of war-related resources: weapons, horses, chariots etc.
d) Why did the Qin invite the foreign advisor, Shang Yang?
Answer:
The Qin invited the foreign advisor Shang Yang because the kingdom of Qin lacked skilled intellectuals and politicians.
e) What were the key features of the Qin political system?
Answer:
The key features of the Qin political system were:
1. Collectivization programme
2. Decimation of aristocratic power
3. Freedom of farmers from serfdom
4. Collective responsibility of people to kingdom
5. fear and control over people
6. Award and punishment for regarding and disregarding the kingdom
f. How were the people treated during the Qin Period?
Answer:
During the Qin Period, people were treated according to the legalization. All the people had to follow rules and work for the welfare of the kingdom collectively. They were threatened, controlled and kept away from education. They were severely punished if they violated the rules of the kingdom.
g) Why did Shi Huangdi stop educating ordinary people?
Answer:
Shi Huangdi stopped educating ordinary people to control them easily. According to him, uneducated people were easier to control. Stupid people were easily controlled and ruled over. They never questioned the emperor and his empire.
h) What did the Qin achieve by the legalism in practice?
Answer:
By the legalism in practice, the Qin achieved the following things:
1. Superior terracotta army
2. A disciplined bureaucracy
3. An obedient populace
4. An unquestioned authority of a strong central government.
i) Why did Shi Huangdi never slept in the same room for two consecutive nights?
Answer:
Shi Huangdi never slept in the same room for two consecutive nights because he was afraid of being assassinated.
j) What are the everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty?
Answer:
The everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty are as follows:
1. Concept of Legalism
2. The Terracotta Army
3. The Great Wall of China
4.The Grand Canal
5. Roads.
CRITICAL THINKING
a) The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of autocratic rulers. Present your view for or against this statement.
Answer:
I think that the autocratic rulers did their best tasks during their regimes in the past. Their contributions to the welfare of their states were outstanding. During that time, most of the autocratic rulers used to do tasks related to the development of their states. A sense of love towards their states was seen within them. They used to give priority to their kingdom at first. These two amazing creations are the most popular wonders of the world among seven wonders. 'The Great Wall of China' and 'The Taj Mahal of India' are still quite popular in the world due to their artistic creations. Both of the creations are the unique creations of autocratic rulers of China and India. The Qin dynasty of China and the Mugal dynasty of India had built these two different wonders during their regimes. The construction of these two great architectures had been possible through the Qin Shi's and Shah Jahan's autocratic regimes. These emperors had assigned thousands of workers, slaves, and peasants for the construction of these two great architectures. These two creations have made these two dynasties and their emperors immortal. In this modern time too, people remember these emperors for their outstanding achievements for their dynasties. Though the emperors were autocratic, they achieved huge success in their history. Their policies brought quite drastic changes during that time.
6) How do you describe the pros and cons of feudalism?
Answer:
Feudalism is defined as a dominant social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.
Following were the pros and cons of feudalism in the past time:
PROS
1. Feudalism helped common people from the foreign invaders as well as violence.
2. The feudalists used to save the common men from the tyranny of the king.
3. Feudalism had an outstanding role in eradicating slavery from Europe.
4. The knights used to play their vital role in saving the weak people.
5. The Lords were the major persons who keep away people's worries.
6. Feudalism helped people to develop the qualities like loyalty, bravery, generosity, and humility.
CONS
1. The concept of feudalism used to divide poor and rich people into two classes. It created class divisions among people.
2. Common and weak people had to be dependent upon the Lords.
3. People were not equally treated.
4. Easy environment for powerful people to impose their power over others. Lords could easily do whatever they wanted.
5. Peasants had to survive under the lords and they were not allowed to leave their lords' land.
6. They were restricted in movement and even daily activities without their lords' permission.
IMPORTANT FOR EXAM
Narrate your memorable event with some exciting experiences that you had.
Answer:
I have experienced so many interesting as well as exciting events in my life. Among them, the most memorable event which I experienced was related to my academic life. After passing my SEE in the first division, I moved to Kathmandu for the first time in my life. I wanted to join the best college so that I could get a better education. In Kathmandu, I came to know that the best college in Kathmandu was Apex International College. So, I decided to admit there. On the first day, when I stepped inside the gate of Apex International College, I got stunned to see its big buildings as well as a huge crowd of students wandering around in the ground. All of the students seemed quite busy. I asked one of the students from class 12 about the admission process as well as the principal’s office. He ushered me towards three stories building. I thanked him and moved towards there. While moving there, everyone kept eye on me smiling. I entered that building and moved up via stairs. Everywhere, I found only girls who were looking at me intently. I didn’t find any boys there. Finally, gathering some courage, I asked one of the beautiful girls named Rama about the principal’s office. She laughed at once and informed me that I was in the girl’s hostel where boys were not allowed to enter. She also informed me about ragging. I was quite perplexed and rushed out of the building. From that day, I knew about the ragging in the plus two levels. All in all, I got the chance to see many beautiful faces.
GRAMMAR
B. Complete the texts below using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket.
a. The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture .............. (disappear) by the time Europeans first ............. (arrive) in the New World.
Answer:
The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture had disappeared by the time Europeans first arrived in the New World.
b. When I ........(turn) on the radio yesterday, I ........... (hear) a song that was popular when I ............. (be) at the basic level of my study. It ........... (take) me back to some old memories.
Answer:
When I turned on the radio yesterday, I heard a song that was popular when I was at the basic level of my study. It took me back to some old memories.
c. I was looking for a job. ........ (apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, I ...... (get) it and now I am a job holder.
Answer:
I was looking for a job. I applied for a job last week. Fortunately, I got it and now I am a job holder.
C. Choose the correct words from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.
[teach, write, see, get up, throw, cost]
a. Newton ............ an apple falling from the tree.
Answer:
Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.
b. Ramesh Bikal ....... many popular stories.
Answer:
Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.
c. My jacket is expensive. It ........ me Rs 5000.
Answer:
My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs 5000.
d. She ........... early in the morning yesterday.
Answer:
She got up early in the morning yesterday.
e. When I was small, my father......... me at home.
Answer:
When I was small, my father taught me at home.
f. Why did you ............. the cap away?
Answer:
Why did you throw the cap away?
D. Put the verb into the correct form and complete the sentences.
a. I went to see the film, but I ............ it. (not/enjoy)
Answer:
I went to see the film, but I did not enjoy it.
b. I ............ Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet)
Answer:
I met Rojina in town in a few days ago.
c. It was very warm, so I .......... my coat. (take off)
Answer:
It was very warm, so I took off my coat.
d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I ......... very well. (not/sleep)
Answer:
Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well.
e. I ......... new job last week. (start)
Answer:
I started new job last week.
f. He ........ too busy in the office yesterday. (be)
Answer:
He was too busy in the office yesterday.
h. Nita ............ her to the party, but she didn't come. (invite)
Answer:
Nita invited her to the party, but she didn't come.
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UNIT 5 LIFE AND LOVE ( THE LOOKING GLASS)
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